| Grover Cleveland |
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 |
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| 22nd and 24th President of the United States |
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In office
March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897 |
| Vice President | Adlai Stevenson I |
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| Preceded by | Benjamin Harrison |
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| Succeeded by | William McKinley |
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In office
March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889 |
| Vice President | Thomas A. Hendricks (1885)
None (1885–1889) |
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| Preceded by | Chester A. Arthur |
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| Succeeded by | Benjamin Harrison |
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| 28th Governor of New York |
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In office
January 1, 1883 – January 6, 1885 |
| Lieutenant | David B. Hill |
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| Preceded by | Alonzo B. Cornell |
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| Succeeded by | David B. Hill |
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| 34th Mayor of Buffalo |
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In office
January 2, 1882 – November 20, 1882 |
| Preceded by | Alexander Brush |
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| Succeeded by | Marcus M. Drake |
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| 17th Sheriff of Erie County, New York |
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In office
January 1, 1871 – 1873 |
| Preceded by | Charles Darcy |
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| Succeeded by | John B. Weber |
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| Personal details |
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| Born | Stephen Grover Cleveland
March 18, 1837
Caldwell, New Jersey, U.S. |
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| Died | June 24, 1908 (aged 71)
Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. |
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| Resting place | Princeton Cemetery, New Jersey |
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| Political party | Democratic |
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| Spouse(s) | Frances Folsom
(m. 1886; his death 1908) |
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| Relations | Rose Cleveland, sister
Philippa Foot, granddaughter |
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| Children | 5, including Ruth ("Baby"), Esther, Richard |
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| Profession |
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| Signature |  |
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1883 - Knotts offered to be Governor of Hawaii by President Cleveland:
The central record. (Lancaster, Ky.) 18??-current, June 23, 1911, Image 1
Image provided by University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
1896 - January - President Cleveland known as an "Unreliable Friend" to the Usurpers:
The Hawaiian gazette. (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, January 21, 1896, Page 4, Image 4
Image provided by University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu, HI
1896 - President Cleveland declared Hawaii to be "an intensely independent nation...."
The Pacific commercial advertiser. (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands) 1885-1921, July 02, 1896, Page 4, Image 4
Image provided by University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu, HI
1897 - May. Congress Laughed at the Queen/Queen Liliuokalani. Former President Cleveland said that "Hawaii is a Foreign Country".
The Independent. (Honolulu, H.I.) 1895-1905, May 19, 1897, Image 1
Image provided by University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu, HI
The Independent. (Honolulu, H.I.) 1895-1905, May 19, 1897, Image 1
Image provided by University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu, HI
1897 - June. President Cleveland Pulled the United States Flag in Hawaii.
Western Kansas world. (WaKeeney, Kan.) 1885-current, June 26, 1897, Image 4
Image provided by Kansas State Historical Society; Topeka, KS
1898 - "Hawaii has the most complete government on the face of the earth." based on the Hawaiian Laws:
The Hawaiian gazette. (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii]) 1865-1918, October 14, 1898, Image 1
Image provided by University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu, HI
1900 - "Censure" of President McKinley in regards to Imperialism Policy. Hawaii and the Philippines mentioned.
The Independent. (Honolulu, H.I.) 1895-1905, October 29, 1900, Image 3
Image provided by University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu, HI
Note: What does "censure" mean?
censure - Legal Definition. n. An official condemnation, reprimand, or expression of adverse criticism, usually by a legislative or other formal body, of the conduct of one of its members or of someone whose behavior it monitors.
www.yourdictionary.com/censure
censure
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Idioms, Wikipedia.
Censure
A formal, public reprimand for an infraction or violation.
From time to time deliberative bodies are forced to take action against members whose actions orbehavior runs counter to the group's acceptable standards for individual behavior. In the U.S.Congress, that action can come in the form of censure. Censure is a formal and publiccondemnation of an individual's transgressions. It is stronger than a simple rebuke, but not as strongas expulsion. Members of Congress who have been censured are required to give up anycommittee chairs they hold, but they are not removed from their elected position. Not surprisingly,however, few censured politicians are re-elected.
While censure is
not specifically mentioned in
the U.S. Constitution, Congress has the right to
adoptresolutions, and a
resolution to
invoke censure falls into this category. The first use of
censure wasactually directed not at a
member of
Congress but at a
member of
George Washington's cabinet.Alexander Hamilton,
Washington's treasury secretary, was accused of
mishandling twocongressionally authorized loans. Congress voted a
censure resolution against Hamilton. The votefell short, but it
established censure as a
precedent. In
general, each house of
Congress is
responsible for invoking censure against its own members; censure against other governmentofficials is
not common, and censure against the president is
rarer still.
Because censure is not specifically mentioned as the accepted form of reprimand, many censureactions against members of Congress may be listed officially as rebuke, condemnation, ordenouncement. The end result, however, is the same, and to all intents and purposes these arecensure measures. At the same time, each censure case is different, and those delivering censurelike to have enough leeway to tailor the level of severity. Still, the prospect of an open, public rebukeby one's peers is painful even for the most thick-skinned politician.
Noteworthy Censure Cases
Among the best known censure cases in Congress were the 1811 censure of Massachusettssenator Timothy Pickering for reading confidential documents in Senate sessions and the 1844censure of Ohio senator Benjamin Tappan for releasing a confidential document to a majornewspaper. Perhaps one of the more colorful censure motions was the 1902 censure of SouthCarolina's two senators, Benjamin R. Tillman and John L. McLaurin. On February 22, 1902, theybegan fighting in the Senate chamber. Both men were censured and suspended for six days(retroactively).
Probably the most infamous censure case was the condemnation of
Senator joseph r. mccarthy (R-WI) in
1954. McCarthy took the national stage at
the height of
the anti-Communist movementfollowing World War II.
McCarthy spent several years making claims that known Communists hadinfiltrated the U.S. government, and although he
never offered proof of
even one claim, his crusadewas popular and powerful. Many Americans from all walks of
life saw their lives destroyed in
theearly 1950s by
groundless accusations of
communist sympathies. His power unchecked, McCarthybecame even more relentless, and in
1954 he
openly attacked members of
the Eisenhoweradministration in
televised hearings. His colleagues realized they had no
choice but to
act. A
censure committee was formed, and McCarthy as
much as
accused its members of
beingCommunists. The vote to
condemn McCarthy passed 65 to 22 on
December 2,
1954.
Robert Torricelli (D-NJ) was found guilty in
2002 of
taking illegal gifts and cash payments from a
businessman and not reporting them. The businessman got help from the senator in
Lobbying thegovernment. Although Torricelli denied the charges, his colleagues found the evidence compellingenough to
"severely admonish" him. While not called a
"censure," this reprimand clearly had thesame effect. Torricelli, who was up
for reelection, saw his popularity plunge in a
matter of
weeks,and on
September 30, 2002, he
withdrew from the race.
Presidential Censure
Congress rarely acts against the president with a
formal reprimand. Andrew Jackson was the firstpresident to be
thus reprimanded, by
the Senate in
1834, after he
removed the secretary of
thetreasury (a
responsibility that Congress believed rested with the legislature). Jackson was a
Democrat, but the Senate was controlled by
the rival Whig Party.
Three years later, when theDemocrats took control of
the Senate, Jackson's censure was expunged from the records.
President John Tyler was reprimanded in
1842 by
the House of
Representatives, which accusedhim of
abusing his powers. Apparently Tyler had promised representatives on
several occasions thathe
would support certain bills, only to
Veto them when they arrived at
his desk. In
1848, Presidentjames k. polk was reprimanded by
the House for starting the Mexican War without first obtainingCongressional approval. In
1864, President Abraham Lincoln and his secretary of
war, edwinstanton,
were condemned by
the Senate for allowing an
elected member of
the House to
holdcommissions in
the Army. The Senate voted for the reprimand 24 to
12, but it
was referred to a
special committee and no
further action was taken.
In
1998, during the Impeachment trial of
President bill clinton,
several members of
Congressattempted to
have him censured instead, believing that while his behavior warranted rebuke it
didnot merit a
full impeachment. The move for censure failed, and Clinton was impeached.
Further readings
"Congressional Ethics: Historical Facts and Controversy." 1992. Congressional Quarterly.Washington, D.C.: CQ.
Thompson, Dennis F. 1995. Ethics in Congress: From Individual to Institutional Corruption.Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
Cross-references
West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
references:
https://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/johntyler - a President who was censured.
About the lowering of the flag in Hawaii and the Philippines:
1902 -
Arizona republican. (Phoenix, Ariz.) 1890-1930, May 11, 1902, Page 10, Image 10
Image provided by Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records; Phoenix, AZ
1914 - Minister to Hawaii Appointed by President Cleveland was a
American Civil War Veteran:
Honolulu star-bulletin. (Honolulu [Oahu, Hawaii) 1912-current, January 20, 1914, 3:30 Edition, Image 1
Image provided by University of Hawaii at Manoa; Honolulu, HI
1915
The Daily Ardmoreite. (Ardmore, Okla.) 1893-current, February 15, 1915, HOME EDITION, Page PAGE THREE, Image 3
Image provided by Oklahoma Historical Society
1917 - Leaks that President Cleveland knew about the Overthrow/Planned Overthrow with Thurston....questionnable article:
The Tacoma times. (Tacoma, Wash.) 1903-1949, January 17, 1917, Page 2, Image 2
Image provided by Washington State Library; Olympia, WA
Executive Orders, etc. can be found at this link http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14137/14137-h/14137-h.htm
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