Overview by Amelia Gora (2019)
The following names are on the Mauna Kea Forest Reserve Map of 1927 which shows 88,108 Acres:
Alfred Wellington Carter- Trustee
(Redirected from A. W. Carter)
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Alfred Wellington Carter
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On 1895 military commission
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| Born | April 27, 1867 |
| Died | April 27, 1949 (aged 82) |
| Occupation | Lawyer, Judge, Ranch manager |
| Children | 4 |
Contents
Early life[edit]
His grandfather Joseph Oliver Carter (1802–1850) was a merchant ship captain. His father was Samuel Morrill Carter (1838–1893) and mother was Harriet Layman Hempstead (1836–1898). Alfred Wellington Carter was born April 22, 1862, and named for an uncle Alfred Wellington Carter (1841–1890).[1] Another uncle Henry A. P. Carter (1837–1891) had been a cabinet minister and diplomat for the Kingdom of Hawaii.[2] Since many of his relatives were also named Alfred, he went by his initials "A. W."Career[edit]
Carter attended Punahou School and became an officer in the Honolulu Rifles militia in July 1887. By November 1889 he was promoted to lieutenant colonel.[3] In 1893 he graduated cum laude with an LLB degree from Yale Law School.[4] He returned to live in Waikiki and practice law with his older cousin Charles Lunt Carter. On January 6, 1895, he heard gunfire as the 1895 Counter-Revolution in Hawaii had been discovered nearby. The Carters and neighbor James Bicknell Castle took rifles to the scene of the shooting. Charles was hit by gunfire and died early the next morning.[5]Parker Ranch[edit]
In 1899 Carter was appointed guardian of Annie Thelma Kahiluonapuaapiilani Parker, heir of half of the vast Parker Ranch founded by her great-grandfather John Palmer Parker (1790–1868). He moved to the island of Hawaiʻi and became manager of the ranch, although his wife stayed in Honolulu where the children attended school. Carter was often at odds with the other half-owner, Samuel Parker, who wanted to use income from the ranch to fund his lifestyle instead of expansion. Parker sued, claiming he owned the entire ranch, and tried to remove Carter as manager. The court case dragged on for years.[6] Carter mortgaged the ranch and bought Parker out in 1906.[7]:263Hawaii Meat Company[edit]
In 1909 he formed the Hawaii Meat Company as a cooperative with other ranchers (although Parker Ranch was majority owner).[8] After Thelma died in 1914, Carter continued to advise her son Richard Smart (1913–1992) who was the new heir. In 1937 Carter's son Alfred Hartwell Carter became manager of the ranch.[7]:27 Carter died on April 27, 1949.[8]:168From 1900 to 1917 Carter was a trustee of Kamehameha Schools, the estate of Bernice Pauahi Bishop set up by Charles Reed Bishop, which was an even larger landowner than the Parker Ranch.[9]
Natural Area Reserves System Hawaii[edit]
Hapuna Beach State Recreation Area was originally named A. W. Carter Park for him, since he helped the territory acquire the land from the ranch.[10] As a member of the territorial board of forestry from 1903 to 1907 and 1909 to 1912,[3] he helped establish the Hawaii forest reserves while his cousin George R. Carter was governor.[11] He was inducted into the Paniolo hall of fame in 2003.[12]Family[edit]
On October 12, 1895 Carter married Edith Millicent Hartwell, daughter of American Civil War General and later Hawaii judge Alfred S. Hartwell (1836–1912).[13] They had four children. Alfred Hartwell Carter was born December 1, 1896. Edith Millicent Carter was born February 17, 1898. Dorothy Layman Carter was born September 29, 1899. Barbara Juliette Carter was born June 25, 1901.[1]References[edit]
- ^ Jump up to: a b George Robert Carter (1915). Joseph Oliver Carter: the founder of the Carter family in Hawaii, with a brief genealogy. Hawaiian Historical Society. p. 20.
- ^ "Carter, Henry Augustus Peirce office record". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Carter, Alfred W. office record". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
- ^ Yale University (1893). The Yale Banner. p. 139.
- ^ William DeWitt Alexander (1896). History of later years of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the revolution of 1893. Hawaiian gazette company. pp. 204–205.
- ^ "Partnership not Shown: Never Heard of in Thirteen Years". Hawaiian Gazette. September 2, 1904. p. 5. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Billy Bergin (2004). Loyal to the Land: The Legendary Parker Ranch 750-1950. volume 1. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2692-5.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Joseph Brennan (April 2, 1979). Parker Ranch Hawaii. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-465102-8.
- ^ "Kamehameha Schools Bernice Pauahi Bishop Trustees". Kamehameha Schools Archives. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
- ^ John R. K. Clark (November 1985). Beaches of the Big Island. University of Hawaii Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-8248-0976-8.
- ^ "Gov. Carter Declares Kau Forest Reserve". Hawaiian Gazette. August 3, 1906. p. 5. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
- ^ "Alfred Wellington Carter: Parker Ranch 1867 – 1949". Hawaii Cattlemen's Council. 2003. Archived from the original on July 22, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
- ^ "Oahu marriage record (1832-1910)". state archives digital collections. state of Hawaii. Retrieved July 5, 2010.
Territory of Hawaii: 79,260 acres in Kaohe and 8,453 acres in Humuula
Territory of Hawaii
| Territory of Hawaii
Panalāʻau o Hawaiʻi
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| Organized incorporated territory of the United States | |||||||||||
| 1900–1959 | |||||||||||
Flag
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 Main islands of the Territory of Hawaii | |||||||||||
| Capital | Honolulu | ||||||||||
| Government | |||||||||||
| • Type | Organized incorporated territory | ||||||||||
| Governor | |||||||||||
• 1900–1903
| Sanford B. Dole (first) | ||||||||||
• 1957–1959
| William F. Quinn (last) | ||||||||||
| Military Governor | |||||||||||
• 1941
| LTG Walter Short | ||||||||||
• 1941–1943
| LTG Delos Emmons | ||||||||||
• 1943–1944
| LTG Robert C. Richardson Jr. | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
| August 12, 1898 | |||||||||||
| April 30 1900 | |||||||||||
| December 7, 1941 | |||||||||||
• Martial law
| 1941–1944 | ||||||||||
| 1946–1958 | |||||||||||
| August 21 1959 | |||||||||||
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| Part of a series on the |
| History of Hawaii |
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| Timeline |
| Topics |
 Hawaii portal |
On July 4, 1898, the United States Congress passed the Newlands Resolution authorizing the U.S. annexation of the Republic of Hawaii, and five weeks later, on August 12, Hawaii became a U.S. territory. In April 1900 Congress approved the Hawaiian Organic Act which organized the territory. Hawaii's territorial history includes a period from 1941 to 1944, during World War II, when the islands were placed under martial law. Civilian government was dissolved and a military governor was appointed.
Contents
Background[edit]
Upon the overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani in January 1893, the Committee of Safety established the Provisional Government of Hawaii and set out to effect Hawaii's speedy annexation by the United States. A commission, led by Lorrin A. Thurston, was sent to Washington D.C. to negotiated an annexation treaty with President Benjamin Harrison. A delegation led by Princess Victoria Kaʻiulani also went to Washington to protest the overthrow and to lobby against annexation.President Harrison and the commission signed a treaty of annexation, which was sent to the U.S. Senate for approval. However, in March 1893, before the Senate could ratify it, Grover Cleveland took office. The new president was an anti-imperialist and strongly opposed to annexation. He withdrew the treaty from consideration, ordered a congressional investigation into the events surrounding the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, and, after receiving the committee's first report, recommended the restoration of Liliʻuokalani as queen. Further investigation by Congress led to the Morgan Report, which established that the actions of U.S. troops stationed in Hawaii during the coup had been completely neutral, and exonerated the U.S. military from any accusations of complicity with the overthrow.[5]
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On August 12, 1898, the flag of Hawaii over ʻIolani Palace was lowered and the American flag was raised to signify annexation.
Hawaii's strategic location to support the Spanish–American War in the Philippines made it especially important to American interests, as argued by naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan.[7] This in part provided momentum for the proponents of annexation, and July 4, 1898, the U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution to provide for annexing of Hawaii to the United States. The resolution, commonly known as the Newlands Resolution (named after Congressman Francis Newlands), was signed into law three days later by President McKinley and came into effect on August 12, 1898. The Newlands Resolution states,
Whereas, the Government of the Republic of Hawaii having, in due form, signified its consent, in the manner provided by its constitution, to cede absolutely and without reserve to the United States of America, all rights of sovereignty of whatsoever kind in and over the Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies, and also to cede and transfer to the United States, the absolute fee and ownership of all public, Government, or Crown lands, public buildings or edifices, ports, harbors, military equipment, and all other public property of every kind and description belonging to the Government of the Hawaiian Islands, together with every right and appurtenance thereunto appertaining: Therefore,A formal ceremony marking the transfer of Hawaiian state sovereignty to the United States was held on August 12 on the steps of the ʻIolani Palace in Honolulu where the Hawaiian flag was lowered and the American flag was raised in its place.
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That said cession is accepted, ratified, and confirmed, and that the said Hawaiian Islands and their dependencies be, and they are hereby, annexed as a part of the territory of the United States and are subject to the sovereign dominion thereof, and that all and singular the property and rights hereinbefore mentioned are vested in the United States of America.[8]
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Cartoon depiction of the United States, its territories, and US controlled regions as a classroom with belligerent Philippines, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Cuba
Organic Act[edit]
In early 1900 Congress passed an Act To provide a government for the Territory of Hawaii, which was signed into law by President William McKinley on April 30, 1900. This organic act established the office of governor of Hawaii. Territorial governors were appointed by the president of the United States with the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate. They served for four years, unless removed sooner by the president.Territorial governors[edit]
- Sanford B. Dole, Republican, (1900–1903)
- George R. Carter, Republican, (1903–1907)
- Walter F. Frear, Republican, (1907–1913)
- Lucius E. Pinkham, Democrat,(1913–1918)
- Charles J. McCarthy, Democrat, (1918–1921)
- Wallace R. Farrington, Republican, (1921–1929)
- Lawrence M. Judd, Republican, (1929–1934)
- Joseph B. Poindexter, Democrat, (1934–1942)
- Ingram M. Stainback, Democrat, (1942–1951)
- Oren E. Long, Democrat, (1951–1953)
- Samuel Wilder King, Republican, (1953–1957)
- William F. Quinn, Republican (1957–1959)
A Territorial Supreme Court of several justices/judges led by a Chief Justice, and additional appellate courts, also appointed by the President with the constitutional "advice and consent" of the Senate.
The Act also provided as with the other several Federal territories for a non-voting Delegate to the United States Congress, seated and with offices and the otherwise usual rights and privileges of a U.S. Representative in the U.S. House of Representatives
Congressional delegates[edit]
Representation in the U.S. House of Representatives was limited to a single, non-voting delegate:- Robert William Wilcox (1900–1903)
- Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole (1903–1922)
- Henry Alexander Baldwin (1922)
- William Paul Jarrett (1923–1927)
- Victor Stewart Kaleoaloha Houston (1927–1933)
- Lincoln Loy McCandless (1933–1935)
- Samuel Wilder King (1935–1943)
- Joseph Rider Farrington (1943–1954)
- Mary Elizabeth Pruett Farrington (1954–1957)
- John Anthony Burns (1957–1959)
Tourism[edit]
Matson's fleet included the SS Wilhelmina, rivaling the best passenger ships serving traditional Atlantic routes. With the boom in interest of Hawaiian vacations by America's wealthiest families in the late 1920s, Matson added the SS Mariposa, SS Monterey and SS Lurline (one of many Lurlines) to the fleet.
Matson Navigation Company operated two resort hotels in Honolulu near royal grounds. The first (and for a time the only) hotel on Waikīkī was the Moana Hotel which opened in 1901. As the first hotel in Waikīkī, the Moana Hotel was nicknamed the "First Lady of Waikīkī." The hotel gained international attention in 1920 when Edward, Prince of Wales and future King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, stayed as a guest.
In 1927, the luxurious Royal Hawaiian Hotel, informally called the "Pink Palace of the Pacific," opened for business. It was the preferred Hawaii residence of President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he visited Hawaii during World War II.
Military bases[edit]
With annexation, the United States saw Hawaii as its most strategic military asset. McKinley and his successor U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt expanded the military presence in Hawaii and established several key bases, some still in use today. By 1906, the entire island of Oahu was being fortified at the coastlines with the construction of a "Ring of Steel," a series of gun batteries mounted on steel coastal walls. One of the few surviving batteries completed in 1911, Battery Randolph, is today the site of the U.S. Army Museum of Hawaii.[11][12]List of Territorial Installations:
- Camp McKinley (est. 1898)
- Fort Kamehameha (est. 1907)
- Pearl Harbor Naval Station (est. 1908)
- Fort Shafter (est. 1907)
- Fort Ruger (est. 1909)
- Schofield Barracks (est. 1909)
- Battery Closson (est. 1911)
- Battery Dudley (est. 1911)
- Battery Randolph (est. 1911)
- Fort DeRussy (est. 1915)
- Wheeler Army Airfield (est. 1922)
Industrial boom and the "Big Five"[edit]
| Hawaii's Big Five |
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Pineapples and Hawaii[edit]
James Dole, also known as the Pineapple King, arrived in Hawaii in 1899. He purchased land in Wahiawa and established the first pineapple plantation in Hawaii. Confident that canned pineapples could become a popular food export, Dole built a cannery near his first plantation in 1901. Hawaiian Pineapple Company, later renamed Dole Food Company, was born. With his profits soaring, Dole expanded and built a larger cannery in Iwilei near Honolulu Harbor in 1907. The Iwilei location made his main operations more accessible to labor. The cannery at Iwilei was in operation until 1991. Dole found himself in the midst of an economic boom industry. In response to growing pineapple demand in 1922, Dole purchased the entire island of Lanai and transformed the Hawaiian tropical low shrublands into the largest pineapple plantation in the world. For a long stretch of time, Lanai would produce 75% of the world's pineapple and become immortalized as the "Pineapple Island."[14]By the 1930s, Hawaii became the pineapple capital of the world and pineapple production became its second largest industry. After World War II, there were a total of eight pineapple companies in Hawaii. Today pineapples are imported from Thailand and elsewhere; few are commercially grown in Hawaii.[15]
Race relations[edit]
One of the most prominent challenges territorial Hawaii had to face was race relations. Intermarriage was tolerated and even sought after. Many native women married immigrant men and joined their community.[16] By 1898, most of Hawaii's population was made up of plantation workers from China, Japan, the Philippines and Portugal. Their plantation experiences molded Hawaii to become a plantation culture. The Hawaiian Pidgin language was developed on the plantations so they all could understand each other. Buddhism and Shintoism grew to become large religions. Catholicism became Hawaii's largest Christian denomination.[17]Massie Trial[edit]
Race relations in Hawaii took to the national spotlight on September 12, 1931 when Thalia Massie, a United States Navy officer's wife, got drunk and alleged that she was beaten and raped. That same night, the Honolulu Police Department stopped a car and detained five men, all plantation workers. Officers took the men to Massie's hospital bedroom where she identified them. Although evidence could not prove that the men were directly involved, national newspapers quickly ran stories about the brute locals on the prowl for white women in Hawaii. The jury in the initial trial failed to reach a verdict. One of the accused was afterwards severely beaten, while another, Joseph Kahahawai, was murdered. Police caught the Kahahawai killers: Massie's husband Thomas, mother Grace Fortescue, and two sailors. Famed criminal lawyer Clarence Darrow defended them. A jury of locals found them guilty and sentenced to hard labor for ten years. Outraged by the court's punishment, the territory's white leaders as well as 103 members of Congress signed a letter threatening to impose martial law over the territory. This pressured Governor Lawrence M. Judd to commute the sentences to an hour each in his executive chambers. Hawaii residents were shocked[18] and all of America reconsidered what they thought of Hawaii's racial diversity.[19] The term "local" (Hawaii's non-Caucasian population) was galvanized through the Massie trial[20]Martial law[edit]
From 1941 to 1944, following the attack on Pearl Harbor and America's entry into World War II, Territorial Governors Joseph B. Pointdexter and Ingram M. Stainback stripped themselves of their administrative powers by declaring martial law.[21] With the territorial constitution suspended, the legislature and supreme court were also dissolved indefinitely. Military law was enforced on all residents of Hawaii. The formation of the military government was mostly done by Maj. Gen. Thomas H. Green of the U.S Army Judge Advocate General's Corps, who became Military Attorney General. General Walter Short appointed himself military governor December 7, 1941. He assumed control of Hawaii and governed from ʻIolani Palace, which was quickly barricaded and fitted with trenches. He was relieved December 17 and charged with dereliction of duty, accused of making poor preparations in case of attack before the attack on Pearl Harbor.Under martial law, every facet of Hawaiian life was under the control of the military governor. His government fingerprinted all residents over the age of six, imposed blackouts and curfews, rationed food and gasoline, censored the news and media, censored all mail, prohibited alcohol, assigned business hours, and administered traffic and special garbage collection. The military governor's laws were called General Orders. Violations meant punishment without appeal by military tribunals.
Anthony, the shadow Attorney General of the period, provides different information. The "aged and weak"[22] Poindexter (sic), an appointed Democrat, was variously misled into surrendering his powers. Anthony does not mention fingerprinting; corroborates gasoline rationing but not food (the latter unlike the mainland); and disproves a liquor ban by showing how the military gained handsome profits by liquor permits and fees.
The military government instituted employment stasis by General Order No. 91 (no leaving an employer without a letter of good standing); and the banning of courts that required witnesses and juries. Traffic violations were said to have netted prison terms[23] and the military courts evidenced bias against civilians. There ensued a turf battle between the federal Departments of War, Justice and Interior, in which the middle one played a mediating or flip-flopping role. Indeed, it appeared War if not the Pacific Command was operating autonomously.[24]
The Glockner and Seifert cases, actually two detained, naturalized Germans, tested the military's suspension of habeas corpus. In the second year of martial law, August 1943, U.S. District Judge Metzger subpoenaed General Richardson as to why these two were held without charges. The General, according to General Order No. 31, could have had the server arrested for bringing charges against a military person, but instead had the Marshal manhandled so as to evade summons.[25] The prisoners were released outside of Hawaii, avoiding the implicated fall of military power.
List of Military Governors:
- Walter C. Short (1941)
- Delos C. Emmons (1941–1943)
- Robert C. Richardson, Jr. (1943–1944)
Democratic Revolution of 1954[edit]
The Democratic Revolution of 1954 was a nonviolent revolution consisting of general strikes, protests, and other acts of civil disobedience. The Revolution culminated in the territorial elections of 1954 where the reign of the Hawaii Republican Party in the legislature came to an abrupt end, as they were voted out of office to be replaced by members of the Democratic Party of Hawaii.Hawaii 7[edit]
During the years leading up to the ousting of the Republican Party Cold War fears brewed and the U.S. was in the middle of the Second Red Scare. The FBI employed the Smith Act toward the ILWU and Communist Party of Hawaii, arresting those who would become known as the Hawaii 7 on August 28, 1951 in synchronized raids at 6:30 that morning. They were convicted in a two-year-long trial. The Hawaii 7 were eventually released in 1958.[26][27]Statehood[edit]
The first Congressional bill for Hawaii statehood was proposed in 1919 by Kuhio Kalanianaole,[28] and was based upon the argument that World War I had proved Hawaii’s loyalty.[29] It was ignored, and proposals for Hawaii statehood were forgotten during the 1920s because the archipelago’s rulers believed that sugar planters’ interests would be better served if Hawaii remained a territory.[30] Following the Jones-Costigan Act, another statehood bill was introduced to the House in May 1935 by Samuel Wilder King but it did not come to be voted on, largely because FDR himself strongly opposed Hawaii statehood,[31] while “Solid South” Democrats who could not accept non-white Congressmen controlled all the committees.[32]Hawaii resurrected the campaign in 1940 by placing the statehood question on the ballot. Two-thirds of the electorate in the territory voted in favor of joining the Union.[33] After World War II, the call for statehood was repeated with even larger support, even from some mainland states. The reasons for the support of statehood were clear:
- Hawaii wanted the ability to elect its own governor
- Hawaii wanted the ability to elect the president
- Hawaii wanted an end to taxation without voting representation in Congress
- Hawaii suffered the first blow of the war
- Hawaii’s non-white ethnic populations, especially the Japanese, proved their loyalty by having served on the European frontlines
- Hawaii consisted of 90% United States citizens, most born within the U.S.
In March 1959, both houses of Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act and U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed it into law. On June 27, 1959, a plebiscite was held asking Hawaii residents to vote on accepting the statehood bill. The plebiscite passed overwhelmingly, with 94.3% voting in favor.[36] On August 21, church bells throughout Honolulu were rung upon the proclamation that Hawaii was finally a US state.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "Department of Commerce and Labor, Coast and Geodetic Survey, Terrestrial magnetism results of magnetic observations made by the coast and geodetic survey between July 1, 1905, and June 30, 1906" (PDF). ftp.ngdc.noaa.gov. p. 119.
- ^ "Department of Commerce, Statistical Abstract of the United States, page 1" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-02-01.
- ^ https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-13.pdf (U.S. Census Bureau, 2003, page III-1)
- ^ "An Act to Provide for the Admission of the State of Hawaii into the Union". Hawaii Nation.org. March 18, 1959.
- ^ Niklaus R. Schweizer, His Hawaiian Excellency: The Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the Annexation of Hawaii (1994).
- ^ Helena G. Allen, Sanford Ballard Dole: Hawaii's Only President, 1844–1926 (1988)
- ^ Peter Karsten, "The Nature of 'Influence': Roosevelt, Mahan and the Concept of Sea Power." American Quarterly 23#4 (1971): 585–600. JSTOR[permanent dead link]
- ^ 30 Stat. 750
- ^ Christine Skwiot, The purposes of paradise: US tourism and empire in Cuba and Hawai'i (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011).
- ^ James Mak, "Creating 'Paradise of the Pacific': How Tourism Began in Hawaii" (2015) online
- ^ Dan Cragg, Guide to military installations (U of Illinois Press, 2000).
- ^ Bertrand M. Roehner, "Relations Between US Military Forces and the Population of Hawaii" Laboratoire de physique théorique et hautes énergies (2014). online
- ^ Julia Flynn Siler (2012). Lost Kingdom: Hawaii's Last Queen, the Sugar Kings and America's First Imperial Adventure. p. 292.
- ^ Helena G. Allen, Sanford Ballard Dole: Hawaii's Only President, 1844-1926 (1988).
- ^ Duane P. Bartholomew, Richard A. Hawkins, and Johnny A. Lopez. "Hawaii pineapple: the rise and fall of an industry." HortScience 47#10 (2012): 1390-1398. online
- ^ Margaret A. Parkman and Jack Sawyer. "Dimensions of ethnic intermarriage in Hawaii." American Sociological Review (1967): 593-607. in JSTOR
- ^ Lawrence H. Fuchs, Hawaii Pono: 'Hawaii the Excellent': An Ethnic and Political History (1961), pp 83. 110.
- ^ Robinson, Jennifer. "AMERICAN EXPERIENCE: Island Murder". KPBS Public Media. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
- ^ "The Crime That Changed the Islands". www.honolulumagazine.com. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
- ^ Soong, Micheline. Asian American Society : An Encyclopedia. Gale Virtual Reference Library. p. 454. ISBN 978-1-4522-8189-6.
- ^ Robinson, Greg. Interview Archived 2011-11-16 at the Wayback Machine about his book, A Tragedy of Democracy: Japanese Confinement in North America. CUP. n.d. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
- ^ Anthony, J. Garner (1955). Hawaii Under Army Rule. California: Stanford University Press. p. 198. ISBN 0-8248-0377-9.
- ^ Anthony, J. Garner (1955). Hawaii Under army Rule. california: Stanford University Press. p. 106. ISBN 0-8248-0377-9.
- ^ Anthony, J. Garner (1955). Hawaii Under Army Rule. California: Stanford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 0-8248-0377-9.
- ^ Anthony, J. Garner (1955). Hawaii Under Army Rule. California: Stanford University Press. pp. 65–68. ISBN 0-8248-0377-9.
- ^ Dan Boylan, T. Michael Holmes (2000). John A. Burns. University of Hawaii Press. p. 104. 9780824822774.
- ^ Michael Holmes (1994). The specter of Communism in Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. p. 104. 9780824815509.
- ^ Congressional Quarterly Incorporated (1965); Congress and the Nation: 1945-1964, p. 411
- ^ Tabrah, Ruth M. Hawaii: A History, pp. 135-136 ISBN 0393243699
- ^ Ogawa, Dennis M. and Grant, Glen; Kodomo no tame ni = for the sake of the children: the Japanese American experience in Hawaii; p. 234 ISBN 0824807308
- ^ Whitehead, John S.; Completing the Union: Alaska, Hawai‘i, and the Battle for Statehood, p. 30 ISBN 082633637X
- ^ Thomas, G. Scott; The Pursuit of the White House: A Handbook of Presidential Election Statistics and History, p. 396 ISBN 0313257957
- ^ "Hawaii Votes To Petition For Statehood: Plebiscite Shows 39,413 in Favor And 19,911 Opposed". The Washington Post. Associated Press. November 7, 1940. p. 8.
- ^ "Democrats Win Hawaii Delegate". The Washington Post. November 8, 1956. p. A25.
- ^ Bell, Roger; Last Among Equals: Hawaiian Statehood and American Politics; pp. 134, 256 ISBN 0824808479
- ^ "Commemorating 50 Years of Statehood". archive.lingle.hawaii.gov. State of Hawaii. 2009-03-18. Archived from the original on March 21, 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-21.
On June 27, 1959, a plebiscite was held to allow Hawai`i residents to ratify the congressional vote for statehood. The 'yes for statehood' garnered 94.3 percent (132,773 votes) while the 'no' ballots totaled 5.7 percent (7,971 votes).
Further reading[edit]
Surveys[edit]
- Craig, Robert D. Historical dictionary of Honolulu and Hawaiʻi (Scarecrow Press, 1998).
- Daws, Gavan (1968). Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-0324-8.
- Fuchs, Lawrence H. Hawaii Pono: 'Hawaii the Excellent': An Ethnic and Political History.(1961).
- Haley, James L. Captive Paradise: A History of Hawaii (St. Martin's Press, 2014).
- Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson, and Arthur Grove Day. Hawaii: a history, from Polynesian kingdom to American state (Prentice Hall, 1961).
- Wyndette, Olive. Islands of Destiny: A History of Hawaii (1968).
Specialty studies[edit]
- Allen, Helena G. Sanford Ballard Dole: Hawaii's Only President, 1844-1926 (1988).
- Bartholomew, Duane P., Richard A. Hawkins, and Johnny A. Lopez. "Hawaii pineapple: the rise and fall of an industry." HortScience 47#10 (2012): 1390-1398. online
- Beechert, Edward D. Working in Hawaii: A Labor History (U of Hawaii Press, 1985) 401pp
- Brown, DeSoto and Anne Ellett. Hawaii goes to war: life in Hawaii from Pearl Harbor to peace (1989).
- Chapin, Helen. Shaping history: The role of newspapers in Hawai'i (University of Hawaii Press, 1996).
- Forbes, David W. Encounters with paradise: views of Hawaii and its people, 1778-1941 (Honolulu Academy of Arts, 1992).
- Hawkins, Richard A. "James D. Dole and the 1932 Failure of the Hawaiian Pineapple Company," The Hawaiian Journal of History (2007) vol. 41, pp. 149–170.
- Imai, Shiho. Creating the Nisei Market: Race & Citizenship in Hawai'i's Japanese American Consumer Culture (2010)
- Jung, Moon-Kie. Reworking Race: the making of Hawaii's interracial labor movement (Columbia University Press, 2006).
- MacLennan, Carol A. Sovereign Sugar, Industry and Environment in Hawaii (2014).
- Melendy, Howard Brett, and Rhoda E.A. Hackler. Hawaii, America's Sugar Territory, 1898-1959 (Edwin Mellen Press, 1999).
- Melendy, Howard Brett. Walter Francis Dillingham, 1875-1963: Hawaiian Entrepreneur and Statesman (Edwin Mellen Pr, 1996).
- Melendy, H. Brett. "The Controversial Appointment of Lucius Eugene Pinkham, Hawaii's First Democratic Governor," Hawaiian Journal of History (1983(, Vol. 17, pp 185–208.
- Parkman, Margaret A., and Jack Sawyer. "Dimensions of ethnic intermarriage in Hawaii." American Sociological Review (1967): 593-607. in JSTOR
- Poblete, JoAnne. Islanders in the Empire: Filipino and Puerto Rican Laborers in Hawai‘i (University of Illinois Press, 2014).
- Rohrer, Judy. Haoles in Hawai'i" (2010) 124pp; scholarly survey
- Sumida, Stephen H. And the View from the Shore: Literary Traditions of Hawai'i (University of Washington Press, 2015).
- Williams, Jr., Ronald. "Race, Power, and the Dilemma of Democracy: Hawaii's First Territorial Legislature, 1901." Hawaiian Journal of History (2015) 49#1 pp 1–45.
- Whitehead, John S. Completing the Union: Alaska, Hawai`i, and the Battle for Statehood (2004).
Primary sources[edit]
- Thomas H. Green, The Papers of Major General Thomas H. Green, Judge Advocate General's Corps, U.S. Army, University Publications of America, 2001
External links[edit]
- Hawaii Army Museum Society
- Morgan Report
- Congressional Debates On Hawaiian Organic Act ... Matters Concerning the Hawaiian Islands in the 56th Congress, First Session, December 4, 1899 – June 7, 1900. Photostatic Reproductions from the Congressional Record, Vol. 33, Parts 1–8.
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HAMAKUA MILL, etc.
Hamakua
Contents
Description[edit]
Hāmākua's coast is approximately 50 miles (80 km) long, along the Pacific Ocean around19°59′36″N 155°14′25″W / 19.99333°N 155.24028°WCoordinates: 19°59′36″N 155°14′25″W / 19.99333°N 155.24028°W, ending at Waipiʻo Valley and the uninhabited Waimanu Valley. The term Hāmākua Coast is used loosely to describe the region between Hilo and Waipiʻo, although the modern Hāmākua zoning district begins north of Laupāhoehoe and west of ʻŌʻōkala.[1][2] The rainfall due to the prevailing northeasterly tropical trade winds produces steep erosional valleys and cliffs, showing evidence of frequent landslides.[3] The lush vegetation and lack of sandy beaches contrasts sharply with other regions of the island.[4]
The dominating geographic feature in Hāmākua is the volcanic mountain Mauna Kea. The district stretches south through the central plateau to the summit of Mauna Loa.[5] Hāmākua was one of the six traditional districts of the island in ancient Hawaii (known as moku).[6] To the north beyond Waipiʻo Valley is the Kohala district, with the older volcano Kohala mountain. According to Hui Mālama i ke Ala ʻŪlili, Hāmākua is known for its "steep mountain trails."[7]
History[edit]
In Hawaiian mythology, Mauna Kea was the home of snow goddess Poliʻahu, and the place of several other legends.[8]
John Palmer Parker established the Parker Ranch on the high grasslands of Mauna Kea in 1847. Over the years (especially under manager Alfred Wellington Carter) it was expanded to encompass much of the mountain's slopes.[9]
Many small communities sprang up around sugarcane plantations which were operating along the Hāmākua Coast through most of the 20th century. The demand for sugar cane rose after the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 reduced tariffs to the United States. The first mill processed the crop planted in 1876.[10] Early investors included Claus Spreckels, Samuel Parker, and Theophilus Harris Davies. The Hāmākua Mill Company, Honokaʻa Sugar, Kaiwiki Sugar, Kukaiau Plantation Company, Laupāhoehoe Sugar, Paʻauhau Sugar Plantation and Pacific Sugar Mill were eventually consolidated into the Hāmākua Sugar Company.[11]
The Hāmākua district was an endemic region of bubonic plague in the early part of the 20th century. From 1910 to 1949, there were 112 confirmed cases of the disease, of which 109 were fatal. The Board of Health of the Territory of Hawaii, in combined efforts with the local sugar plantations, engaged in a vast rat extermination campaign. Despite these efforts, plague remained an enzootic disease in the region up until 1957. It is unclear why plague eventually left the area.[12]
Sugar plantations declined and were consolidated in the latter half of the 20th century. About 10% of the population was lost each decade following 1970.[13] The company was sold by Theo H. Davies & Co. to Francis S. Morgan in 1984 who operated the property for ten years. The Hamakua Sugar Company had its final harvest in 1994. After years of high unemployment, the economy shifted to small diversified farms. Crops include macadamia nuts, papaya, mango, coffee, and other tropical fruits. Irrigation canals known as the Upper Hamakua Ditch[14] and Lower Hamakua Ditch[15] (not to be confused with the project of a similar name on Maui by Henry Perrine Baldwin[16]) had been built in 1910, and were repaired in 2001.[17]
While virtually all of the pre-existing native forest below altitudes of several thousand feet was removed by sugarcane cultivation, several remnants of native forest can be found. Where the terrain of gulches such as Laupāhoehoe, Ka'awali'i, and Maulua was too steep for cultivation, for example, the original forest remains largely intact. There are also protected areas such as Kalōpā State Recreation Area, which has preserved a small stand of native trees and their understory compatriots.[18] Other protected areas include the Hamakua, Hauola, Manowaialee, and Mauna Kea State Forest Reserves,[19] Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge,[20] and Mauna Kea Ice Age Reserve, all on Mauna Kea, and the Mauna Loa Forest Preserve on Mauna Loa.[19]
In 2009 the Mauna Kea Observatory was selected as the site of a new Thirty Meter Telescope. Although the project encountered some local opposition, other members of the community welcomed the diversification of the economy.[21] A comprehensive management plan was produced with local input.[22]
Transportation[edit]
Popular recreation sites along the Māmalahoa Highway include Akaka Falls, Umauma Falls, Hawaii Tropical Botanical Garden, World Botanical Gardens and Kolekole Beach Park.[24]
The Saddle Road (Route 200) travels from Hilo through the inland part of the district, providing access to the high plateau between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, and roads to the astronomical observatories on the summit of Mauna Kea and the NOAA observatory high on Mauna Loa.[25] The US military conducts live-fire training at the Pohakuloa Training Area along this road.[26]
Communities[edit]
Although there are no separately incorporated cities in the state of Hawaii, communities in the district include:[27]
Notable residents[edit]
- David McHattie Forbes (1863–1937), Scottish sugar planter[29]
- Edward Griffin Hitchcock (1837–1898), sugar planter, sheriff, and marshal[30]
- Rufus Anderson Lyman (1842–1910), founded Paʻauhau Sugar Plantation[31]
- Pablo Manlapit (1891–1969), labor organizer[32]
- William Herbert Purvis (1858–1950), English planter introduced Macadamia[29]
- Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema (1917–2007), Dutch spy and author[33]
- Dwight Takamine (born January 29, 1953), state senator[34]
- Georges Phillipe Trousseau (1833–1894) French royal physician in the Kingdom of Hawaii[29]
- John D. Waihee III (born May 19, 1946), first native Hawaiian governor[35]
- Roseanne Barr (born November 3, 1952), is an American actress, comedian, writer, television producer and director.[36]
References[edit]
- ^ "Hamakua District Zone Map Section 25-8-15" (PDF). official web site. Hawaii County. October 29, 2009. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ "Hamakua District". official web site. Hawaii Island Visitors Bureau. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ Charles H. Fletcher III (1998). "Coastal Hazards". In Juvik and Juvik (ed.). Atlas of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-8248-2125-8.
- ^ "Hawaii's coastline". Coastal Geology Group web site. University of Hawaii School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Hāmākua District
- ^ Lloyd J. Soehren (2004). "lookup of Hamakua". on Hawaiian place names. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ Hui Mālama i ke Ala ʻŪlili. "About Us". Noʻeau Peralto. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
- ^ "Mountain Deities". Na Maka o ka Aina. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
- ^ Billy Bergin (2004). Loyal to the Land: The Legendary Parker Ranch 750-1950. volume 1. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2692-5.
- ^ "Honokaa Sugar Company History". Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Plantation Archives. University of Hawaii at Mānoa Library. 2004. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ "The Lyman Museum Research Collections". Lyman House Memorial Museum web site. 2008. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
- ^ Kevin Bailey (Spring 2006). "Plague in paradise: a study of plague on Hawaiian sugarcane plantations". Honors Thesis. University of Oregon. hdl:1794/7694. Missing or empty
|url=(help) - ^ Robert C. Schmitt (1998). "Population". In Juvik and Juvik (ed.). Atlas of Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-8248-2125-8.
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Upper Hamakua Ditch
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lower Hamakua Ditch
- ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Old Hamakua Ditch
- ^ Rose Kahele (February–March 2007). "Grow With the Flow". Hana Hou!. 10 (1). Photographs by Peter French. Hawaiian Airlines.
- ^ "Kalopa State Recreation Area". official park web site. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Big Island Forest Reserves". official web site. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ "Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge". official web site of United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ T. Ilihia Gionson. "Mauna Kea selected by Thirty Meter Telescope board". Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ Richard Ha. "Taking responsibility for Mauna Kea: Why we need a Comprehensive Management Plan". Office of Hawaiian Affairs. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
- ^ Ian Birnie (2007). "Transportation and the 1946 Tsunami". Hilo, Hawaii: Pacific Tsunami Museum. Archived from the original on July 7, 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
- ^ "Hamakua Heritage Corridor". Hawaii Visitors and Convention Bureau. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
- ^ Laboratory, US Department of Commerce, NOAA, Earth System Research. "ESRL Global Monitoring Division - Mauna Loa Observatory". www.esrl.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2017-05-22.
- ^ "Saddle Road". official web site. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ James A. Bier, Cartographer, Map of Hawai'i, the Big Island, Eighth Edition (University of Hawai'i Press)
- ^ "A Brief History". Honoka'a Business Association web site. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Pacific Sugar Mill History". Plantation Archives of the Hawaiian Sugar Plantation Association. University of Hawaii. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ "Register of the Mauna Kea Sugar Company (Onomea Sugar Company) Papaikou, Hawaii, 1885-1947". Plantation Archives of the Hawaiian Sugar Plantation Association. University of Hawaii. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ "Paauhau Sugar Plantation Company History". Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Plantation Archives. University of Hawaii at Mānoa Library. 2004. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ "Biographies of Hawai'i Labor History Figures". Center for Labor Education & Research web site. University of Hawai‘i - West O‘ahu. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ Dennis Hevesi (October 8, 2007). "Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema, a 'Soldier of Orange,' Is Dead at 90". New York Times. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
- ^ "Getting to Know Dwight Takamine". official campaign web site. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ Mike Gordon (July 2, 2006). "John Waihee". Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-03-02. Retrieved 2011-03-02.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Further reading[edit]
- Yasushi Kurisu (June 2, 1995). Sugar town: Hawaii's plantation days remembered. Watermark Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9705787-1-6.
- P. Quentin Tomich. Hawaii: Perspectives on Hamakua History. Quentin Tomich. ISBN 978-0-615-25676-4.
SUMMARY
Mauna Kea lands are infiltrated by non alodio land owners:
Territory of Hawaii - an illegal entity conjured up, Proclaimed to be a Territory of the United States by U.S. President William McKinley, disregarding U.S. President Grover Cleveland's return of Hawaii to Queen Liliuokalani in 1893, 1894, and 1897. See more at the following links:
Corruption Exposed: Violations by Judges Over the U.S ...
Jan 29, 2017 · Amelia Gora 5 mins · The center of corruption of the Justices was heightened from the period of U.S. President McKinley.......read the old article of 1900 pertaining to the Constitution and watch Karen Hudes Whistleblower newly posted film.......fyi The Truth About the U.S. ConstitutionHawaiian Kingdom: Important Historical Events - Keep for ...
Apr 26, 2018 · U.S. President Cleveland left office in 1897 and U.S. President William McKinley became President. McKinley was shot and died from gangrene after the Army, Navy, and Federal personnel "developed the territory". ... Amelia Gora March 19, 2018 5:47 ... and maintain non-violence because since the time of Kamehameha III ...Images of President McKinley Articles by Amelia Gora
bing.com/imagesAmelia Gora-Kanaka Maoli Truth : Legal Notice: Kingdom of ...
Oct 07, 2016 · McKinley was nominated for president in 1896 on a platform supporting the gold standard and a high tariff. After Thomas Reed rejected nomination as vice president, Hobart was deemed a natural choice for second place on the ticket; he came from a densely populated state and was an avid supporter of the gold standard.by Amelia Gora (2016) - IOLANI - The Royal Hawk
Dec 02, 2016 · President McKinley "directed" and "proclaimed" Hawaii to be a Territory. Too late though because President Cleveland Gave Hawaii back to Queen Liliuokalani years earlier. Identity Theft documented in the 1912 Pa Pelekane Case.Hawaiian Kingdom: February 2019 - he-mokupuni-pae-aina-o ...
The Hawaiian Kingdom Supreme Court is the court "of original jurisdiction" and Not the entities generated by U.S. President McKinley who proclaimed Hawaii to be "Territory of the United States". ... on August 17, ... Oct 29, 2017 · - Review of Newspaper Articles - by Amelia Gora (2017) The following are some of the articles found on ...The Truth About the U.S. Constitution - Maoliworld
Expanded Billing for Rents Affecting the Iolani Palace ...
Oct 22, 2016 · 7) I, Amelia Gora did find the article showing that U.S. President Cleveland Gave Hawaii Back to Queen Liliuokalani in 1897 before William McKinley became U.S. President. Queen Liliuokalani maintained that she was not able to send letters outside of the Hawaiian Islands, which means that she was not able to receive incoming letters etc.IOLANI – Legal Notice 10/29/2010 | IOLANI - The Royal Hawk
Oct 29, 2010 · by Amelia Gora (2010) Queen Liliuokalani, Sovereign leader of the Hawaiian Kingdom, was criminally dethroned in 1893 by Hawaiian subjects, treasonous persons/ turned Americans, supported by the U.S., England, and the bankers (Morgan and International bankers).Amelia Gora-Kanaka Maoli Truth : Kingdom of Hawaii Records ...
Kingdom of Hawaii Records No. 2017-0714 Official Police Report Filings for the Arrest of Keanu Sai/D. Keanu Sai, David Keanu Sai; Trustees Claire Asam, Kaulukukui, and Patrick Yim, and the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Estates Trustees from Amelia Gora, a Royal Person, Acting Liaison of Foreign Affairs, Judicial Tribunal Member/Judge, Konohiki, Hawaiian Genealogical SocietyCorrectionU.S. President McKinley Proclaimed a Foreign ...
CorrectionU.S. President McKinley Proclaimed a Foreign Nation to be a Territory of the U.S., Contrary to the U.S. Constitution, Was an Imperialist, Censured U.S. President Cleveland, then Assassinated Posted by Amelia Gora on August 23, 2017 at 11:04am in Politics
Hamakua - Mill etc.
See the following links for more information:
More Alodio Titles Information -Includes Kamehameha III ...
More Alodio Titles Information -Includes Kamehameha III Deeds, etc. IMPORTANT DOCS THAT OUR PEOPLE SHOULD KEEP - Copy, Save, and Share with your Ohana, et. als. Posted by Amelia Gora on February 6, 2016 at 4:36am in PoliticsOpEd Posts Affecting the Hawaiian Islands by Amelia Gora
Jun 07, 2011 · Jan 3, 2010 - See articles written previously in the news on the web IOLANI-The Royal Hawk publisher, editor, writer Amelia Gora, anti-war news, history, genealogies with articles submitted by other researchers, and researchers from around the world.Also see the PEARL HARBOR article at the New York Times found ...Amelia Gora-Kanaka Maoli Truth : Keep for the Records with ...
Jan 16, 2011 · References: Various articles in the IOLANI - the Royal Hawk news from Hawaii, THE NEW YORK TIMES, January 9, 1893, CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF HAWAII, ABROAD, AND THE UNITED STATES (2003) and other books by Amelia Kuulei Gora, a Royal personHawaiian Kingdom: Exposing Conspiracies In Hawaii Since ...
Mar 23, 2019 · Review by Amelia Gora (2018) The following article shows Loads of Lies, Premeditation Evidence of the United States Secretary of State who did actively play a role in taking over a neutral, friendly, non-violent nation. Failure to follow the rule of law and the U.S. Constitution is documented.Amelia Gora-Kanaka Maoli Truth : Legal Notice - Protective ...
Jan 28, 2018 · This legal notice is to inform you that a Protective Order has been assigned to Kaukaohu Wahilani and 100+ kanaka maoli/kanaka Hawaii maoli and known supporters to help malama/take care of our families interests on the Island of Kauai specifically Kapule's land which was illegally leased to Coco Palms by non owner State of Hawaii, etc. note that even the Bishop Estates/KSBE/Bernice Pauahi ...Why OHA/Office of Hawaiian Affairs, Hawaiian Civic Clubs ...
Diary: The Royal Families In The Hawaiian ... - OpEdNews
Hawaiian Kingdom: Jail Time for a Lot of People - Evidence ...
Apr 26, 2018 · HAWAII REPORTS, Volume 11 - IN RE AH HO, et. al. shows on page 665 "In the exercise of the power conferred by the first of these two provisions, the President of the United States, on August 12, 1898, directed by proclamation, that "the civil, judicial and military powers in question shall be exercised by the officers of the Republic of Hawaii, as it existed just prior to the transfer of ...Assassination of Abraham Lincoln - Links to Hawaii through ...
She was born Mary Frances Moss on 20 July 1826 in Winchester, England.She married John Taylor on 8 April 1844 at St. Martin’s in the Field, England.Two daughters were born of the marriage. Her stage name of “Laura Keene” was taken about 8 Oct 1851, probably to hide fact that her husband became a convicted felon serving a life sentence in a penal colony in Australia.Legal Notice - Corrected and Article, The Rape of ALOHA ...
Legal Notice - Corrected and Article, The Rape of ALOHA (2014) by Amelia Gora President Barack Obama. Secretary of State - John Kerry. Judges, et. als. in the Hawaiian Islands. Many Interested others Re: Hawaiian Kingdom Records No. 2014-0916(Corrected) - Matters of the Treaty which supersedes State Laws, etc. ... Article XIV. On September 12 ...
Carter - descendant of American Civil War General, usurper of Queen Liliuokalani named Alfred S. Hartwell. See more at the following links:
IOLANI - The Royal Hawk: Liar Alfred S. Hartwell - U.S ...
Review by Amelia Gora (2018) The following article was written after an interview with General Alfred S. Hartwell, former attorney general of the Hawaiian Kingdom, former Judge who claimed that the Crown Lands belonged to the seat of office, contrary to law.Conspirator's in Collusion or Parties to the Crimes in ...
Dec 23, 2017 · Conspirator's in Collusion or Parties to the Crimes in Hawaii Against Queen Liliuokalani or A Judge and Attorney With Friends Planned Against Our Queen ... Supreme Court (1914). "In the Matter of the Presentation of Resolutions on the Death of the Late Honorable Alfred S. Hartwell". Hawaiian reports: cases decided in the ... Amelia Gora http ...Amelia Gora-Kanaka Maoli Truth
Amelia Gora-Kanaka Maoli Truth Important information for/about our people - Kanaka Maoli and others/the 40,000+ people who supported Queen Liliuokalani. ... Alfred S. Hartwell - Harvard graduate, American Civil War General. Alfred Stedman Hartwell was born June 11, 1836, ...The Good, the Bad and VERY UGLY - Robert Wilcox a ...
Oct 10, 2018 · Amelia Gora a good example is a different version of history that our family bought off the internet from GREECE ... Alfred S. Hartwell - Harvard graduate, American Civil War General Alfred Stedman Hartwell was born June 11, 1836, in Natick, Massachusetts. His father was Stedman Hartwell and mother was Rebecca Dana Perry (1805–1872).[1]Conspirator's in Collusion or Parties to the Crimes in ...
Reviewed by Amelia Gora (2017) Judge Alfred Stedman Hartwell ‹ Back to Hartwell surname Is your surname Hartwell? Research the Hartwell family Start your family tree now Judge Alfred Stedman Hartwell's Geni Profile Contact profile manager View family tree Share your family tree and photos with the people you know and loveNews from the Hawaiian Kingdom: Sovereign Hawaiians with ...
Succeeded by Alfred S. Hartwell Chief Justice of the Hawaiʻi Supreme Court In office November 5, 1881 – May 20, 1900 Monarch Kalākaua Liliuokalani ... Links to Articles by Amelia Gora and others September (2) August (2) July (3) June (3) May (2) April (2) ...
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